Using bioenergetics models to predict stable isotope ratios in fishes
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چکیده
To describe temporal dynamics of stable isotope ratios in fishes, we developed a bioenergetics-based model that links isotope ratios to growth, as influenced by fish size, temperature, diet, and prey quality. The model includes error terms for isotope ratios, diet proportions, and fractionation. The model accurately predicted temporal δ15N dynamics of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in a diet-switch experiment but was less successful for δ13C, possibly because of variable fractionation. The model was then used in three heuristic applications. In a diet-validation scenario, a model derived from limited knowledge of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) diet reasonably estimated δ13C and δ15N compared with a null model but inaccurately estimated prey consumption. In a scenario where adult lake trout briefly cannibalized stocked lake trout fingerlings, the detectability of a cannibalism-induced δ15N increase depended on predator size, duration of cannibalism, and sample size. In a scenario where seasonal isotopic variability occurred at the base of a food web, variation propagated to higher trophic levels depended on consumer size and diet. Our approach is most valuable when used to examine multiple diet combinations that produce observed stable isotope ratios; one can then identify the most reasonable diets through field tests or other observations. Résumé : Dans le but de décrire la dynamique temporelle des rapports d’isotopes stables chez les poissons, nous avons mis au point un modèle basé sur la bioénergétique qui relie les rapports isotopiques à la croissance, elle-même influencée par la taille du poisson, la température, le régime alimentaire et la qualité des proies. Le modèle comprend des termes d’erreur pour les rapports isotopiques, les proportions du régime alimentaire et le fractionnement. Le modèle a permis de prédire avec précision la dynamique temporelle du δ15N chez le Touladi (Salvelinus namaycush) dans une expérience de changement de régime; il a été moins efficace dans la prédiction de δ13C, peut-être à cause du fractionnement variable. Le modèle a aussi servi dans trois applications heuristiques. Dans un scénario de validation du régime alimentaire, un modèle élaboré à partir d’une connaissance limitée du régime alimentaire de l’Éperlan arc-enciel (Osmerus mordax) a permis l’estimation adéquate de δ13C et de δ15N par rapport à un modèle nul, mais n’a pu déterminer correctement la consommation des proies. Dans un second scénario dans lequel des touladis se sont, pendant une courte période, alimentés par cannibalisme d’estivaux de touladis ensemencés, la possibilité de détection de l’augmentation de δ15N reliée au cannibalisme dépendait de la taille du prédateur, de la durée du cannibalisme et de la taille de l’échantillon. Dans un dernier scénario où la variation isotopique saisonnière se produisait à la base du réseau alimentaire, la variation qui se propageait aux niveaux trophiques supérieurs dépendait de la taille du consommateur et de son régime alimentaire. C’est dans l’examen des multiples combinaisons de régimes alimentaires qui produisent les rapports d’isotopes stables observés que notre approche s’avère le plus utile; on peut alors identifier les régimes alimentaires les plus appropriés à l’aide de tests sur le terrain et d’autres observations.
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تاریخ انتشار 2002